Staghorn calculus right kidney12/3/2023 ![]() ![]() Most of the pure stones were composed of calcium oxalate and uric acid, with an equal proportion of 42.6% for each. Overall, 68% of the stones were pure, and 32% had a mixed composition. The mean stone size and serum creatinine level were 36.33 mm and 1.37 mg/dl, respectively (Table 1). Moreover, 13.6% of patients had diabetes, and 28.6% had hypertension. The mean age and body mass index were 49.66 years old and 29.1 kg/m 2, respectively. The highest incidence rate was between the 30-40 and 50-60 years old age groups. The clinical characteristics and stone types of 117 men and 53 women were investigated in this study. The ethical committee of the Urology and Nephrology Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences approved the protocol of study with an ethical code as IR.1397.37. Moreover, T-test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences IBM (SPSS-IBM), version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), was used to perform the analysis. The stone samples of the patients were then sent to the laboratory to be studied by infrared spectroscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. ![]() The data were extracted from the patient's medical records, including age, sex, weight, height, the reason for admission to our center, history of diabetes, blood pressure, serum creatinine, urine analysis and culture, stone size and location, kidney side (left or right), and previous treatments (open surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). The exclusion criteria were having: 1) risk of anatomical factors predisposed to medullary cystic kidney disease (tubular ectasia), 2) ureteral stenosis, 3) calyceal diverticulosis, 4) ureteral stricture, 5) horseshoe kidney, and 6) ureterocele. The inclusion criteria included a complete staghorn stone. This retrospective study investigated the relationship between the staghorn stone’s chemical composition and patients’ demographic characteristics by analyzing the stone samples.Ī total of 170 patients with staghorn stones were referred to our center in two years (20) to undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy or open surgery. However, Blandy and Singh found that 28% of staghorn stone patients who do not receive preventive metabolic therapy die due to kidney failure. Before the early 1970s, some believed that patients with staghorn stones did not require metabolic preventive treatment. Hypercalciuria is the most prevalent metabolic disorder (64.2%), followed by hypocitraturia (53.3%), hyperuricosuria (21.4%), hypomagnesemia (14.2%), hyperoxaluria (7.1%), primary hyperparathyroidism (7.1%), and renal tubular acidosis type I (7.1%). Staghorn stones are associated with metabolic disorders in 70% of patients. The underlying causes are frequent urinary tract infections and anatomical problems, such as ureteropelvic junction stenosis, neurogenic bladder, and metabolic disorders. ![]() Based on the occupied pyelocalyceal system space, they are categorized as either complete or incomplete. The stones that occupy almost the entire upper tract collecting system are known as staghorn stones, often involving the renal pelvis, infundibulum, and calyces. ![]()
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